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Specialty Engine Enhancements
Abstract
z/VM 5.4 provides support for
the new z/VM-mode logical partition
available on the z10 processor.
A partition of this mode can
include
zAAPs (IBM System z10 Application Assist Processors),
zIIPs (IBM System z10 Integrated Information Processors),
IFLs (Integrated Facility for Linux processors),
and
ICFs (Internal Coupling Facility processors),
in addition to
general purpose CPs (central processors).
A virtual configuration can now include
virtual IFLs,
virtual ICFs,
virtual zAAPs,
and
virtual zIIPs
in
addition to virtual general purpose CPs.
These types of
virtual processors can be defined by issuing the DEFINE
CPU command or by
placing the
DEFINE CPU
command in the directory.
According to settings established by the SET CPUAFFINITY
command
for the given virtual machine,
z/VM either dispatches virtual specialty engines on
real CPUs that match their types (if
available) or simulates them on real CPs.
A new SET VCONFIG MODE
command lets a user set a virtual machine's
mode to one appropriate for the guest operating system.
The SET SHARE command now allows settings by CPU type.
On system configurations
where the CPs and specialty engines are the same speed, performance
results are similar whether virtual specialty engines are
dispatched on real specialty engines or
simulated on CPs.
On system configurations where the specialty engines
are faster than CPs, performance results are better when using the
faster specialty engines and scale correctly based on the relative
processor speed.
CP monitor data and Performance Toolkit for VM
provide information relative to the specialty engines.
Introduction
This article
provides general observations about performance results
when using the zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF engines.
The central result of our study is that
performance results
were always consistent with the speed and number of engines
provided to the application.
However,
without proper balance
between the LPAR, z/VM, and guest settings, a system can have a large
queue for one processor type while other processor types remain idle.
Accordingly, this article
illustrates the
performance information available for
effective use of specialty engines.
The purpose of the z/VM-mode partition is to allow a single z/VM image
to support a broad mixture of workloads.
This is the only LPAR mode that allows
IFL and ICF processors
to be
defined in the same partition as zIIP and zAAP processors.
Different
virtual configuration modes are necessary to enable the desired
processor combinations for individual virtual machines.
The SET VCONFIG MODE command was introduced to establish these
virtual machine configurations. Once a configuration has been
established the CP DEFINE CPU can be used to create the desired
combination of virtual processors.
Valid combinations of processors types and VCONFIG MODE settings
are defined in
z/VM: Running Guest Operating Systems.
Other LPAR setting and zVM setting can affect the actual
performance characteristics of these virtual machines.
Details of these affects are include in the Results section.
Because z/VM virtualizes the z10's z/VM-mode partition,
a guest can be defined with a VM mode on a z9 and affinity will be
suppressed for any specialty engines not supported by the real LPAR.
On some System z
models, the specialty engines are faster
than the primary engines.
Specialty Engine Support
describes how to identify the relative speeds.
This article contains examples of both Performance Toolkit data
and z/OS RMF data. Terminology for processor type has varied in
both and includes:
CP for Central Processors; IFA, AAP, and ZAAP for zAAP;
IIP, and ZIIP for zIIP;
and
ICF and CF for ICF.
New z/VM monitor data available with the specialty engine support is
described in z/VM 5.4 Performance Management.
The specialty engine support that existed prior to z/VM 5.4 is
described in
Specialty Engine Support.
Because that writeup is still valid for non-z/VM-mode logical
partitions, this new article
will deal mostly
with the new z/VM-mode logical partition, in which
all specialty processors
(zIIP, zAAP, IFL, and ICF) can coexist with standard (CP) processors.
Method
The specialty engine support was evaluated using z/OS guest virtual
machines with four separate workloads plus a Linux guest virtual
machine with one workload.
A z/OS JAVA workload
described in
z/OS JAVA Encryption Performance Workload
provided use of zAAP processors.
Workload parameters were chosen to maximize the amount of zAAP-eligible
processing and the specific values are not relevant to the discussion.
This workload will run a processor at 100% utilization and is mostly
eligible for a zAAP.
A z/OS IPSec workload
described in
z/OS IP Security Performance Workload
provided use of zIIP processors.
Workload parameters were chosen to maximize the amount of zIIP-eligible
processing and the specific values are not relevant to the discussion.
It is capable of using about 100% of a zIIP processor.
A z/OS zFS workload
described in
z/OS File System Performance Tool
was used in a sysplex configuration to
provide use of ICF processors.
Workload parameters were chosen to maximize the amount of ICF-eligible
processing and the specific values are not relevant to the discussion.
Three separate guests were used in the
configuration for this workload. One z/OS guest was used for the
application, another z/OS guest contained the zFS files that were
being requested by the application, and a coupling facility was
active to connect the two z/OS systems.
This workload configuration is
capable of using about 60%
of an ICF processor.
A z/OS SSL Performance Workload described in z/OS
Secure Sockets Layer (System SSL) Performance Workload provided
utilization of the CP processors.
Workload parameters were chosen to maximize the amount of CP-eligible
processing and the specific values are not relevant to the discussion.
It is capable of using all the available CP
processors.
A Linux OpenSSL workload
described in
Linux OpenSSL Exerciser
provided use of IFL processors.
Workload parameters were chosen to maximize the amount of IFL-eligible
processing and the specific values are not relevant to the discussion.
This workload is capable of using all available
IFL processors.
The workloads
were measured independently and together in many different
configurations.
The workloads
were measured with and without specialty engines in
the real
configuration.
The workloads
were measured with and without specialty engines in
the virtual
configuration.
The workloads were measured with all available SET CPUAFFINITY values
(ON, OFF, and Suppressed). The workloads were measured with all
available SET VCONFIG MODE settings.
The workloads were also
measured with z/OS and Linux
running directly in an LPAR.
Measurements of individual workloads were used to verify quantitative
performance results. Measurements involving multiple workloads were
used to evaluate the various controlling parameters and to
demonstrate the available performance information but not for
quantitative results.
This article will deal mostly with the controlling parameters and
the available performance information rather than the quantitative
results.
Results and Discussion
Effectively using a z/VM-mode LPAR requires attention to LPAR
settings such as weight, sharing, and capping.
It also requires
attention to z/VM settings, such as SET VCONFIG MODE,
SET SHARE, and
SET CPUAFFINITY.
Finally, it requires attention to guest definition, namely,
in selecting guest virtual processor types.
In these results we illustrate how LPAR, z/VM, and guest
settings interact
and show examples of performance data
relevant to each.
Specialty Engines from a LPAR Perspective
A z10 z/VM-mode LPAR can have a mixture of central
processors and all types of specialty processors.
Processors can be
dedicated to the LPAR or they can be shared with other LPARs.
The LPAR cannot contain a mixture of dedicated and shared processors.
For LPARs with shared processors,
the LPAR weight is used to determine the capacity factor
for each processor type in
the z/VM-mode LPAR.
The weight can be different for each processor type.
Shared processors can be capped or
non-capped.
Capping can be selected by processor type.
Capped processors
cannot exceed their
defined capacity factor but
non-capped processors
can use excess capacity from other LPARs.
Quantitative results can be affected by how the processors are defined
for the
z/VM-mode
LPAR. With dedicated processors, the
LPAR gets full utilization of the
processors. With shared processors, the
LPAR's capacity factor
is determined by
the LPAR
weight, the total weights for each processor type, and the total number
of each processor type.
If capping is specified, the
LPAR cannot exceed its calculated capacity factor.
If
capping is not specified, the
LPAR competes with other LPARs for unused
cycles by processor type.
Here is an example (run E8430VM1) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit LPAR screen for the EPRF1
z/VM-mode LPAR with
dedicated
CP, zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF processors.
It shows 100% utilization regardless of how much is actually being used
by z/VM because it is a dedicated partition. The actual
workload used nearly
100% of the zAAP and IFL processors, about half of the CP and ICF
processors, but almost none of the zIIP processor.
Partition #Proc Weight Wait-C Cap %Load CPU %Busy Type
EPRF1 11 DED YES NO 19.6 0 100.0 CP
DED NO 1 100.0 CP
DED NO 2 100.0 CP
DED NO 3 100.0 CP
DED NO 4 100.0 ZAAP
DED NO 5 100.0 ZIIP
DED NO 6 100.0 ICF
DED NO 7 100.0 IFL
DED NO 8 100.0 IFL
DED NO 9 100.0 IFL
DED NO 10 100.0 IFL
Here is an example (run E8415CF1) excerpt
of the Performance
Toolkit LPAR screen showing a shared capped z/VM-mode
LPAR with
CP, zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF processors.
The capped
weight
is the same for
all
engine types.
However, because the total weight and number of processors varies by
processor type, the actual capacity is not the same for all
processor types. The actual
workload in this example could not exceed the
allocated capacity for any engine type so the workload was not
limited by the capping.
Partition #Proc Weight Wait-C Cap %Load CPU %Busy Type
EPRF1 8 80 NO YES 5.9 0 65.0 CP
80 YES 1 65.0 CP
80 YES 2 65.0 CP
80 YES 3 64.8 CP
80 YES 4 .0 ZAAP
80 YES 5 .0 ZIIP
80 YES 6 70.3 ICF
80 YES 7 .0 IFL
Summary of physical processors:
Type Number Weight Dedicated
CP 34 170 0
ZAAP 2 120 0
IFL 16 120 0
ICF 2 110 0
ZIIP 2 120 0
Here is an example (run E8730BS1) excerpt
of the Performance
Toolkit LPAR screen showing a shared capped z/VM-mode LPAR
with
CP, zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF processors.
The capped
weight
is the same for
all
engine types.
However, because the total weight and number of processors varies by
processor type, the actual capacity is not the same for all
processor types.
The actual workload in this example
is limited by the capped capacity of
the zIIP processor. The capped
capacity for zIIP processors
is 27% (3 processors
times a weight of 5 divided by the total weight of 55).
FCX126 Run 2008/07/30 15:05:40 LPAR
Logical Partition Activity
Partition #Proc Weight Wait-C Cap %Load CPU %Busy Type
EPRF1 8 5 NO YES 1.8 0 18.1 CP
5 YES 1 17.1 CP
5 YES 2 16.4 CP
5 YES 3 15.8 CP
5 YES 4 .7 ZAAP
5 YES 5 28.4 ZIIP
5 YES 6 1.1 ICF
5 YES 7 .8 IFL
Summary of physical processors:
Type Number Weight Dedicated
CP 34 105 0
ZAAP 2 45 0
IFL 16 105 0
ICF 1 5 0
ZIIP 3 55 0
Specialty Engines from a z/VM Perspective
The CPUAFFINITY value is used to determine whether simulation or
virtualization is desired for a guest's specialty engines.
With
CPUAFFINITY ON,
z/VM will dispatch a user's specialty CPUs on real CPUs that
match their types. If no matching CPUs exist in the z/VM-mode LPAR,
z/VM will suppress this CPUAFFINITY and
simulate these specialty engines on CPs.
With
CPUAFFINITY OFF,
z/VM will
simulate specialty engines on CPs regardless of the existence of
matching
specialty engines.
Although IFLs can be the
primary processor in some modes of LPARs, they are
always treated as specialty
processors in a z/VM-mode LPAR.
z/VM's only use of specialty engines is to dispatch
guest virtual specialty processors. Without any guest
virtual specialty processors, z/VM's real specialty processors
will appear nearly
idle in both the z/VM monitor data and the LPAR data. Interrupts are
enabled, though, so their usage will not be absolute zero.
The Performance Toolkit SYSCONF screen was updated to provide
information about the processor types and capacity factor by processor
type.
Here is an example (run E8415CF1) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit SYSCONF
screen
showing a shared capped z/VM-mode
LPAR with
CP, zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF processors.
The capped
weight
is the same for
all
engine types.
However, because the total weight and number of processors varies by
processor type,
the capacity factor is not identical for
all processor types and the LPAR will not allow the capacity of
any processor type to
exceed its
capped capacity.
FCX180 Run 2008/04/15 18:51:44 SYSCONF
System Configuration, Initial and Changed
___________________________________________________________________________
Log. CP : CAF 117, Total 4, Conf 4, Stby 0, Resvd 0, Ded 0, Shrd 4
Log. ZAAP: CAF 666, Total 1, Conf 1, Stby 0, Resvd 0, Ded 0, Shrd 0
Log. IFL : CAF 117, Total 4, Conf 4, Stby 0, Resvd 0, Ded 0, Shrd 4
Log. ICF : CAF 727, Total 1, Conf 1, Stby 0, Resvd 0, Ded 0, Shrd 0
Log. ZIIP: CAF 666, Total 1, Conf 1, Stby 0, Resvd 0, Ded 0, Shrd 0
The Performance Toolkit PROCLOG screen was updated to provide
the processor type for each individual processor and to include
averages by processor type.
Here is an example (run E8430VM1) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit PROCLOG
screen showing the utilization of the individual processors and the
average utilization by processor type.
This data is consistent with the
LPAR-reported utilization for this measurement which
is shown as an example in
Performance Toolkit data.
The actual
workload in this
example included a
Linux guest to use the IFL processors,
z/OS SYSPLEX guests
(two z/OS guests and a Coupling Facility guest)
to use the ICF and CP processors,
and
a z/OS guest to use the zAAP processors.
There is no guest with a virtual zIIP
so the only zIIP
usage is z/VM interrupt handling.
CPUAFFINITY is ON for all of these guest machines.
The actual
workload used nearly
100% of the zAAP and IFL processors, about half of the CP and ICF
processors but almost none of the zIIP processor.
These values are consistent
with the workload characteristics.
FCX144 Run 2008/04/30 21:19:57 PROCLOG
Processor Activity, by Time
<------ Percent Busy ----
C
Interval P
End Time U Type Total User Syst Emul
>>Mean>> 0 CP 58.4 56.1 2.3 46.6
>>Mean>> 1 CP 58.1 56.3 1.7 47.2
>>Mean>> 2 CP 56.9 55.2 1.6 46.2
>>Mean>> 3 CP 57.1 55.4 1.7 46.4
>>Mean>> 4 ZAAP 97.5 96.1 1.4 95.7
>>Mean>> 5 ZIIP 1.9 .0 1.9 .0
>>Mean>> 6 ICF 60.2 57.9 2.3 11.7
>>Mean>> 7 IFL 97.7 97.2 .4 88.1
>>Mean>> 8 IFL 98.0 97.5 .5 88.4
>>Mean>> 9 IFL 97.7 97.2 .5 87.9
>>Mean>> 10 IFL 97.9 97.3 .6 87.5
>>Mean>> . CP 57.6 55.7 1.8 46.6
>>Mean>> . ZAAP 97.5 96.1 1.4 95.7
>>Mean>> . IFL 97.8 97.3 .5 87.9
>>Mean>> . ZIIP 1.9 .0 1.9 .0
>>Mean>> . ICF 60.2 57.9 2.3 11.7
Specialty Engines from a Guest Perspective
In a z/VM-mode LPAR,
performance of an individual guest is controlled by the
z/VM share
setting,
the CPUAFFINITY setting,
the VCONFIG setting,
and
the virtual processor combinations.
The share setting for a z/VM guest determines the percentage of available
processor resources for the individual guest.
The share setting can be different for each virtual processor type or
can be the same for each processor type.
Shares are normalized to the sum
of
shares for virtual machines in the dispatcher list for each pool of
processor type. Because the sum will not necessarily
be the same for each
processor
type, an individual guest could get a different percentage of a real
processor for
each
processor type.
Although Performance Toolkit does not provide any information about
the share
setting by processor,
it can be determined from the QUERY SHARE command or
from
z/VM monitor data Domain 4 Record 3.
The total
share setting for individual guests is shown in the Performance
Toolkit UCONF screen.
Because some operating systems cannot run in a z/VM-mode
partition,
a new SET VCONFIG MODE
command lets a user change a virtual machine's
mode to one appropriate for the guest operating system.
Valid modes are ESA390, LINUX, or VM.
Use of an ICF in a z/VM-mode LPAR cannot be accomplished with the
SET VCONFIG MODE; it
requires OPTION CFVM in the directory.
When OPTION CFVM is specified in the directory, the virtual
configuration mode is automatically set to CF and cannot be changed by
the SET VCONFIG MODE command.
The
QUERY VCONFIG command
can be used to display the virtual machine mode
for all virtual machine types except CFVM.
When a virtual machine becomes a CFVM, it no longer has
the ability to issue a QUERY command, so even though CF is its
virtual configuration mode,
QUERY VCONFIG can never display the mode
and thus product documentation does not list CF
as a valid response.
The INDICATE USER command
will show the virtual machine as CF.
For a z/OS guest, the virtual configuration mode must be set to ESA390
with valid virtual processor types of CP, zAAP, and zIIP.
Coupling Facility guests
require OPTION CFVM in the directory and
the virtual
configuration mode is automatically set to CF.
Linux guests are supported in all valid virtual configuration modes with
all available processor types. However, not all processors available to
the guest or to z/VM will be used.
With a virtual configuration mode of ESA390, the guest will use only
CP processors and thus be dispatched
on only CP processors.
With a virtual configuration mode of LINUX and virtual processor type
of IFL, the guest will be dispatched on either CP or IFL processors
depending on the CPUAFFINITY setting and the availability of
real IFL processors.
With a virtual configuration mode of LINUX and virtual processor type
of CP, the guest will be dispatched on real CP processors.
With a virtual configuration mode of VM, only virtual processors that
match
the primary processor will be used by Linux and they will be
dispatched on real primary processors.
Because z/VM 5.4 virtualizes the z/VM-mode logical partition, a guest
can be defined with a virtual configuration of VM when z/VM is
running in a ESA/390-mode
LPAR.
The overall processor usage
for individual guests is shown in the Performance
Toolkit USER screen but it does not show individual processor types.
Here is an example (run E8430VM1) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit USER
screen showing the processor usage for the individual guests
in the active workload.
It shows the
LINMAINT
guest using nearly 4 processors but does not show that the processor
type is IFL.
It shows the
ZOSCF1 and ZOSCF2
guests using slightly more than 1
processor but does not show that the processor
type is CP.
It shows the
ZOS1
guest using slightly more than 1
processor but does not show that the processor
type consists of 4 CPs and 1 zAAP.
It shows the
CFCC1
guest using 58% of a
processor but does not show that the processor
type is ICF.
FCX112 Run 2008/04/30 21:19:57 USER
General User Resource Utilization
From 2008/04/30 21:00:03
<----- CPU Load
<-Seconds->
Userid %CPU TCPU VCPU Share
LINMAINT 389 4633 4187 100
ZOSCF2 108 1283 1076 100
ZOSCF1 107 1273 1045 100
ZOS1 104 1242 1236 200
CFCC1 57.9 689.0 139.3 100
The Performance
Toolkit USER Resource Detail Screen (FCX115) has additional information
for a virtual machine but it does not show processor type so no example
is included.
For a z/OS guest,
RMF data provides number and utilization of
CP, zAAP, and zIIP virtual processors.
The RMF reporting of
data is not affected by the CPUAFFINITY setting but the actual values
can be affected.
Specialty Engine Support
contains
two examples
to demonstrate the effect.
Although Performance Toolkit does not provide any information about
the CPUAFFINITY
setting, it can be determined from the QUERY CPUAFFINITY command or
from a flag in
z/VM monitor data Domain 4 Record 3.
Here is an example (run E8430VM1) excerpt
of the RMF CPU Activity report
showing the processor utilization by processor type
for the ZOS1 userid with
the JAVA
workload active, a virtual configuration of
4 CPs, and 1 zAAP,
and
CPUAFFINITY ON.
The RMF-reported processor utilization for
the zAAP
processor type matches
the z/VM-reported utilization because this is the only virtual zAAP
in the active workload.
The RMF-reported processor utilization for
the CP
processor type does not
match
the z/VM-reported utilization because other users in the active workload
are using CP-type processors.
The
LPAR-reported utilization for this measurement
is shown as an example in
Performance Toolkit data,
and the
z/VM-reported utilization for this measurement
is shown as an example in
Performance Toolkit data.
C P U A C T I V I T Y
z/OS V1R9 DATE 04/30/2008
---CPU--- ---------------- TIME %-
NUM TYPE ONLINE MVS BUSY
0 CP 100.00 1.35
1 CP 100.00 1.33
2 CP 100.00 1.32
3 CP 100.00 6.51
TOTAL/AVERAGE 2.63
4 AAP 100.00 96.27
TOTAL/AVERAGE 96.27
Here is an example (run E8429FL2) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit PROCLOG
screen showing the utilization of the individual processors and the
average utilization by processor type. The active workload
in this example is a Linux guest with a virtual configuration mode of
LINUX, four virtual IFL processors, and CPUAFFINITY ON.
The z/VM supporting this guest is running in a
z/VM-mode LPAR with
dedicated
CP, zAAP, zIIP, IFL, and ICF processors.
It shows nearly
100% utilization of the IFL processor and nearly zero on all the
other processor types.
This example shows the configuration that should be used for moving
an existing LINUX only-mode IFL partition to a z/VM-mode partition and
using real IFL processors.
FCX144 Run 2008/04/29 21:12:44 PROCLOG
Processor Activity, by Time
<------ Percent Busy ----
C
Interval P
End Time U Type Total User Syst Emul
>>Mean>> 0 CP 1.8 .0 1.8 .0
>>Mean>> 1 CP 1.0 .0 1.0 .0
>>Mean>> 2 CP 1.1 .0 1.1 .0
>>Mean>> 3 CP 1.0 .0 1.0 .0
>>Mean>> 4 ZAAP .7 .0 .7 .0
>>Mean>> 5 ZIIP .8 .0 .8 .0
>>Mean>> 6 ICF 1.6 .0 1.6 .0
>>Mean>> 7 IFL 96.3 95.8 .4 86.6
>>Mean>> 8 IFL 96.7 96.3 .4 87.2
>>Mean>> 9 IFL 96.3 95.9 .4 86.7
>>Mean>> 10 IFL 96.7 96.2 .4 86.9
>>Mean>> . CP 1.2 .0 1.2 .0
>>Mean>> . ZAAP .7 .0 .7 .0
>>Mean>> . IFL 96.4 96.0 .4 86.8
>>Mean>> . ZIIP .8 .0 .8 .0
>>Mean>> . ICF 1.6 .0 1.6 .0
Here is an example (run E8429FL3) excerpt
of the Performance Toolkit PROCLOG
screen showing the utilization of the individual processors and the
average utilization by processor type. The active workload
in this example is
a Linux guest with a virtual configuration mode of
LINUX, four virtual IFL processors and CPUAFFINITY ON
(identical to
the example in
Performance Toolkit data).
The z/VM supporting this guest is running in a
z/VM-mode LPAR with
dedicated
CP, zAAP, zIIP, and ICF processors.
Because there are no real IFLs, CPUAFFINITY will be suppressed and
the virtual IFLs will be dispatched on CP processors.
It shows nearly
100% utilization of the CP processors and nearly zero on all the
other processor types.
Nearly identical results would be expected in several other valid
Linux scenarios, a LINUX
IFL virtual configuration with CPUAFFINITY OFF,
a LINUX CP virtual configuration, an ESA390 virtual configuration with
a primary type of CP, a VM virtual configuration with a
primary type of CP (this virtual configuration can include IFLs, but
Linux will dispatch to only the primary CPU type).
FCX144 Run 2008/04/29 22:11:55 PROCLOG
Processor Activity, by Time
<------ Percent Busy ----
C
Interval P
End Time U Type Total User Syst Emul
>>Mean>> 0 CP 97.1 96.0 1.1 86.6
>>Mean>> 1 CP 97.2 96.5 .7 87.0
>>Mean>> 2 CP 97.0 96.4 .7 87.4
>>Mean>> 3 CP 97.2 96.5 .7 87.3
>>Mean>> 4 ZAAP 1.6 .0 1.6 .0
>>Mean>> 5 ZIIP 1.5 .0 1.5 .0
>>Mean>> 6 ICF 2.8 .0 2.8 .0
>>Mean>> . CP 97.1 96.3 .8 87.0
>>Mean>> . ZAAP 1.6 .0 1.6 .0
>>Mean>> . ZIIP 1.5 .0 1.5 .0
>>Mean>> . ICF 2.8 .0 2.8 .0
Summary and Conclusions
Results were always consistent with the speed and number of engines
provided to the application. Balancing of the LPAR, z/VM, and guest
processor configurations is the key to optimal performance.
Merging multiple independent existing partitions with unique
processor types into a single z/VM-mode partition requires
careful consideration of the available processor types, and
the relative speed of the processor types to ensure the optimum
virtual configuration and CPUAFFINITY setting.
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